Video-sharing Website Not Liable for Contributory Copyright Infringement: Seventh Circuit | Practical Law

Video-sharing Website Not Liable for Contributory Copyright Infringement: Seventh Circuit | Practical Law

In the case of Flava Works, Inc. v. Marques Rondale Gunter, the US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit vacated and remanded a district court's grant of a preliminary injunction for Flava Works on its copyright infringement claims. It found insufficient evidence that myVidster's online video-sharing service was liable for contributory infringement. The Seventh Circuit applied the Supreme Court's eBay standard for injunctive relief where there is no presumption of irreparable harm.

Video-sharing Website Not Liable for Contributory Copyright Infringement: Seventh Circuit

by PLC Intellectual Property & Technology
Published on 07 Aug 2012USA (National/Federal)
In the case of Flava Works, Inc. v. Marques Rondale Gunter, the US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit vacated and remanded a district court's grant of a preliminary injunction for Flava Works on its copyright infringement claims. It found insufficient evidence that myVidster's online video-sharing service was liable for contributory infringement. The Seventh Circuit applied the Supreme Court's eBay standard for injunctive relief where there is no presumption of irreparable harm.

Key Litigated Issues

The key litigated issues in Flava Works, Inc. v. Marques Rondale Gunter were whether:
  • The district court erred in presuming irreparable injury when there is a likelihood of success on the merits of a copyright infringement claim.
  • myVidster is liable for contributory infringement when a visitor to myVidster bookmarks a copyrighted video and a later user clicks on the bookmark and views the embedded video without the copyright owner's authorization.

Background

Flava produces and distributes pornographic videos. The videos are hosted on websites behind a subscription pay-wall. Flava's customers agree not to copy, transmit or sell the videos, but are permitted to download the videos for personal, noncommercial use only.
The defendant, Marques Rondale Gunter, does business as myVidster, an online social bookmarking service that allows users to bookmark videos on its website. However, myVidster neither hosts or posts the videos on its site. When a user bookmarks a site on myVidster, the site automatically requests the video's embed code from the server that hosts the video. The code contains the video's web address and display instructions. myVidster uses the code to create a web page that frames the video on it's site, along with advertising that finances the site's operation. The video is then transmitted directly from the server on which it is hosted to the viewer's computer.
Flava sued myVidster for copyright infringement for permitting users to bookmark its copyrighted videos. The US District Court for the Northern District of Illinois found that Flava was likely to succeed in proving that myVidster is a contributory infringer and that myVidster did not qualify for one of the DMCA safe harbors because it had failed to adopt a "repeat infringer" policy. In granting Flava a preliminary injunction, the district court based its decision solely on Flava's likelihood of success on the merits and presumed irreparable harm. myVidster appealed.

Outcome

In its August 2, 2012 decision, the US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit vacated the district court's grant of a preliminary injunction against myVidster and remanded the case for further consideration. It found:
  • The district court erred in its analysis for granting a preliminary injunction in a copyright case.
  • There was insufficient evidence in the record that myVidster was liable for contributory infringement or irreparable harm and therefore there was no basis for the grant of a preliminary injunction.
The Seventh Circuit also found the DMCA safe harbor did not apply to myVidster because a noninfringer does not need a safe harbor.

No Presumption of Irreparable Injury

The Seventh Circuit held that the district court erred by applying the wrong preliminary injunction standard. While the district court applied a presumption of irreparable harm after finding Flava was likely to prevail on its copyright infringement claim, the Seventh Circuit held that likelihood of success is only one factor for a district court to consider in deciding whether to grant a preliminary injunction.
In applying this standard, the Seventh Circuit extended the Supreme Court's decision in eBay Inc. v. MercExchange LLC to the copyright context. In eBay, the Supreme Court held that there is no presumption of irreparable injury for permanent injunctions when there is a likelihood of success on the merits of a patent infringement case. The Second and Ninth Circuits have similarly applied the eBay standard to preliminary injunctions in copyright cases in Salinger v. Colting and Flexible Lifeline Systems, Inc. v. Precision Lift, Inc.

myVidster Did Not Violate Flava's Exclusive Right to Make Copies

The Seventh Circuit found that myVidster is not likely to be liable for contributory infringement of Flava's exclusive right to make copies of its videos because myVidster neither:
  • Assists others in making unauthorized copies of videos.
  • Encourages or induces others to do so.
The Seventh Circuit relied on the Second Circuit's definition of contributory infringement in Matthew Bender & Co. v West Publishing Co. as "personal conduct that encourages or assists the infringement".
The Seventh Circuit reasoned that the facilitator of conduct that does not infringe copyright is not a contributory infringer. myVidster only provides a connection between the servers that host the videos and the computers of myVidster's users. The court compared myVidster to a magazine that lists plays and gives the name and address of the theaters where they are being performed or to a telephone exchange connecting two telephones. If myVidster users do not make copies of the bookmarked videos, they are not violating the copyright owner's exclusive right under the Copyright Act to reproduce the copyrighted work. Because there was no evidence that the users were infringing Flava's copyrighted works by making copies, myVidster cannot be held liable for contributory infringement. This is the case even though myVidster is aware that certain videos accessed from its site infringe copyrighted works.
The Seventh Circuit accepted Flava's argument that by providing a connection to websites that contain unauthorized copies of its videos, myVidster is encouraging its subscribers to circumvent Flava's pay-wall, reducing Flava's income. However, it also reasoned that unless those visitors actually copy the videos they are viewing on the infringers' websites, myVidster is not increasing the amount of infringement. The Seventh Circuit compared myVidster's users' actions to a person who sneaks into a movie without paying. While that person may reduce the movie producer's income by not paying, the viewer has not violated the producer's copyright unless the viewer makes a copy of the free movie.
The Seventh Circuit reasoned that the direct infringers are Flava's customers who copy Flava's copyrighted videos by uploading them to the internet. However, there was no evidence that myVidster was encouraging these customers to infringe Flava's works. If there were, myVidster would then be liable for inducement liability under Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster Ltd.

DMCA Safe Harbor

The Seventh Circuit noted that DMCA safe harbor protects online service providers "referring or linking users to an online location containing infringing material". It found that to apply the safe harbor framework in this context was inappropriate because myVidster is not contributing to infringing conduct.
The Seventh Circuit declined to extend the DMCA framework by defining contributory infringement to include any activity referencing or linking by allowing access to copyrighted materials. On its view, this would mean any reference with contact information about any copyrighted material may result in contributory infringement.

myVidster Did Not Violate Flava's Exclusive Right to Public Performance

The Seventh Circuit also analyzed whether myVidster may be liable for contributory infringement of Flava's exclusive public performance right. It found that myVidster was not facilitating public performance of myVidster's videos by providing links between the person who uploaded the video and the myVidster users. The Seventh Circuit described two theories of public performance:
  • Performance by uploading, where performance occurs when the unauthorized copy is uploaded.
  • Performance by viewing, where performance occurs when the unauthorized copy is viewed.
The Seventh Circuit found the first interpretation does not apply as there was no evidence that myVidster contributed to the uploading of unauthorized videos.
It then focused on the second interpretation, which is more favorable to Flava. However, because the act of viewing videos on myVidster is noninfringing, it found that myVidster cannot be liable for contributory infringement even on this theory. The court compared this case to Fonovisa, Inc. v. Cherry Auction, Inc. and In re Aimster Copyright Litigation.
In Fonovisa, the defendant operated a flea market where pirated recordings of copyrighted music were sold in such bulk that the later performance by the buyers when they played the recordings may have satisfied the broad definition of public performance in the Copyright Act. Unlike the defendant in Fonovisa, the Seven Circuit reasoned myVidster is not providing a market for pirated works because infringers who transmit copyrighted works to myVidster's visitors are not selling them. Flava's pirated videos are not sold through myVidster and there was no admissible evidence that they were actually being accessed via myVidster.
In Aimster, users exchanged copyrighted music over the internet using Aimster's file-sharing software. Aimster created the online equivalent of a swap meet where anyone who had Aimster's software could easily obtain copies of copyrighted songs in AOL chat rooms. Unlike Aimster, however, the Seventh Circuit found myVidster did not encourage the swapping or copying of copyrighted works.

Practical Implications

This case highlights the growing trend toward finding no presumption of irreparable injury when there is a likelihood of success on the merits of a copyright infringement claim. In the Seventh Circuit, the likelihood of success is now only one factor that a district judge can consider when deciding whether to grant a preliminary injunction.
This case also demonstrates that sites that provide links or access to unauthorized copies of copyrighted works may not be liable for copyright infringement if:
  • Neither the site itself nor its users host or make copies of unauthorized works.
  • The site does not assist or encourage others in creating unauthorized copies.
This may be the case even where the site operator has knowledge that copies of copyrighted works accessed from its site are infringing.