FCA consumer duty: back to the future?

Practical Law UK Articles w-037-0756 (Approx. 6 pages)

FCA consumer duty: back to the future?

by Martyn Hopper, Partner, Linklaters LLP

New FCA consumer duty

Maybe a sign of middle age, or having worked on financial regulation for over a quarter of a century, but I have a strong sense of dèjà vu when it comes to the FCA's new consumer duty.

Heralded by the FCA as a "major shift" in the regulation of financial services that will "fundamentally improve" how firms serve their customers, the consumer duty requires financial services businesses to:

Proactively act to deliver good outcomes for consumers and put consumers' interests at the heart of their activities.
Focus on the outcomes consumers get, and act in a way that reflects how consumers actually behave and transact in the real world, better enabling them to access and assess relevant information, and to act to pursue their financial objectives.
Ensure they have sufficient understanding of customer behaviour and how products and services function to be able to demonstrate that the outcomes that would reasonably be expected are being achieved by those customers.
Where they identify that good outcomes are not being achieved, act to address this by putting in place processes to tackle the factors that are leading to poor outcomes.
Consistently and regularly challenge themselves to ensure their actions are compatible with delivering good outcomes for customers.

This sounds like an ambitious and wide-ranging set of requirements. And it is. But it appears strikingly similar to the ambitions and rhetoric of the FCA's predecessor's "treating customers fairly" (TCF) initiative.

For an overview of the FCA's new consumer duty, see Practice note, Hot topics: New FCA consumer duty.

TCF outcomes

TCF was the subject of substantial work across the financial services sector in the years leading up to the global financial crisis and remains part of the FCA's rules and guidance. It was also intended to focus firms on customer outcomes and, in 2006, the then FSA defined six "TCF outcomes", as set out in the table below.

Outcome 1	Consumers can be confident that they are dealing with firms where the fair treatment of customers is central to the corporate culture.
Outcome 2	Products and services marketed and sold in the retail market are designed to meet the needs of identified consumer groups and are targeted accordingly.
Outcome 3	Consumers are provided with clear information and are kept appropriately informed before, during and after the point of sale.
Outcome 4	Where consumers receive advice, the advice is suitable and takes account of their circumstances.
Outcome 5	Consumers are provided with products that perform as firms have led them to expect, and the associated service is both of an acceptable standard and as they have been led to expect.
Outcome 6	Consumers do not face unreasonable post-sale barriers imposed by firms to change product, switch provider, submit a claim or make a complaint.

This was backed with voluminous "informal" FSA guidance in a succession of discussion papers, progress reports, "cluster reports" from thematic and other work exhorting and "requiring" firms to implement and "embed" TCF in their culture and governance. In addition, at all stages of the product life cycle, firms were required to use management information (MI) to measure whether fair outcomes were being achieved for customers and to take action if they were not.

Similarities between TCF and the consumer duty

The similarities with the new consumer duty are obvious. The consumer duty's focus on consumer outcomes is not new - outcomes-based regulation was central to TCF too. Similarly, consumer duty requirements for firms to consider outcomes for consumers who are not their direct customer or who are primarily served by other firms in the distribution chain are not wholly new either.

TCF sparked a major call for guidance on this precisely because it appeared to be requiring product manufacturers to take responsibility for distribution networks. That resulted in guidance on the respective responsibilities of product providers and distributors, which is still in force in the FCA Handbook, and which informed MiFID provisions contained in the FCA Product Intervention and Product Governance sourcebook (PROD) (which the FCA has now confirmed will deliver compliance with key requirements of the consumer duty).

Given the similarities/overlap with TCF, some regulated businesses will understandably react to the new consumer duty with "we already do this.... we are always focused on delivering good outcomes for customers ... it's already central to our business". (Indeed, that was the initial reaction of many to TCF.) This would, however, be a potentially very costly mistake for two reasons:

First, there are some very significant changes to the regulatory regime embedded in consumer duty rules and guidance.
Second, firms need to focus on why it is that (it is perceived by regulators at least) implementation of TCF failed. It is essential that firms avoid repeating the same mistakes and thereby expose their business to increased enforcement risk and financial liability.

What's new?

The final rules and guidance on the new consumer duty do not make it easy to work out what exactly is changing. This is in part because the vast bulk of the past guidance on TCF is not in the FCA Handbook but was spread across an array of different FSA publications, some of which are now only accessible from the national archive. However, here are just some of the key differences that emerge from a careful comparative study:

Requirement to provide fair value. New detailed rules and guidance requiring firms to ensure that products provide fair value to retail customers are perhaps the most significant change from a policy perspective. Similar requirements already apply in certain parts of the FCA's Handbook (for example, in the Collective Investment Schemes sourcebook (COLL) for regulated funds), but the consumer duty extends obligations on the fairness of pricing across all retail products and services regulated by the FCA - a further, giant leap towards price regulation in retail financial services.
Behavioural bias and vulnerability. Explicit requirements on firms to take account of consumer behavioural bias and vulnerability. Each of the FCA cross-cutting rules requires firms to understand and take account of cognitive and behavioural biases and the impact of characteristics of vulnerability and/or lack of knowledge on retail customers' needs and decisions.
Use of MI. Raised expectations over the use of data to measure consumer outcomes. Whereas the focus of TCF was on using existing data to provide MI to monitor customer outcomes, the consumer duty requires a more proactive approach with firms required to obtain the data, if necessary, from outside the firm, and firms elsewhere in the distribution chain required to provide it.
Route to enforcement. Perhaps the most significant change in the regime is that it provides the FCA with a much clearer rules-based route to enforcement. Despite their mandatory language, the six TCF outcomes were unenforceable informal guidance. In contrast, the new consumer duty is accompanied by very broad "cross cutting" rules requiring firms to act in good faith, avoid foreseeable consumer harm and "enable and support customers to pursue their financial objectives". Further, the "consumer outcome" rules codify an extensive set of proactive obligations on firms on product design and governance, price and value, promoting customer understanding and the design and delivery of support for customers. Similarly, there are new rules on governance and culture and monitoring outcomes.

None of these rules carry private rights for customers to sue on breach. However, they are all enforceable through the full range of powers available to FCA including section 166 reviews, requirements/restrictions on firms, public censure, financial penalties and the power to require firms to pay compensation.

The rules will also inform adjudication at the Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS). The wording of many of these rules is very broad and, in some instances, surprising. For example, the rule requiring firms to act in "good faith" might be expected to be uncontroversial. However, a close reading reveals that the FCA's definition of "good faith" includes not just acting in good faith in the normal sense of that term but also "acting consistently with the reasonable expectations of retail customers", which is a much wider concept.

The codification of FCA's expectations in its Handbook is to some extent helpful in clarifying what firms need to do. However, an enormous amount of judgement is still involved and a general, enforceable rule that "[a] firm must avoid causing foreseeable harm to retail customers" is an incredibly broad and flexible tool in the hands of the FCA's Enforcement division.

Learning the lessons from TCF

So, there will be a clearer route for the FCA to bring enforcement action under the consumer duty on the basis of rules which do raise standards in a number of areas. Further, there is huge political capital behind this reform and a clear intent from the FCA that it should drive a fundamental change in approach across the industry.

It is important for firms to consider why previous implementation of TCF did not meet expectations and to take steps to address the lessons from TCF in their consumer duty implementation. Focusing only on those areas where the rules and guidance impose new obligations/expectations over and above TCF risks simply reinventing the TCF wheel and, in doing so, repeating some of the same mistakes. Cookie-cutter frameworks, templates and dashboards will likely miss the target. Firms need to go further and ask themselves what they can do differently in implementing the consumer duty to gain greater assurance of delivering good consumer outcomes.

In answering that question, firms would do well to look critically at the root causes of failures in the retail financial services sector to understand why TCF failed to prevent them. Based on our own experience of looking in depth at many such cases through investigations work, there are some consistent themes. These include:

Customer charters, staff awareness/training and other "culture" initiatives that are not sustained over time and/or do not gain sufficient traction in the organisation.
Lack of specificity in defining good customer outcomes at product/service level.
Focus on committee structures, governance and oversight and associated MI without investing sufficiently in the heavy lift necessary to embed and evidence assessment of risks to customer outcomes in the design, implementation and monitoring of operational processes.
Tensions between requirements to take account of individual customer circumstances and the costs/complexities associated with building such capability into processes and systems.
Shortcomings in outcomes testing methodology and implementation including confusion as between quality control, quality assurance, compliance monitoring and outcomes testing.
Lack of clarity around the roles and responsibilities of the "three lines of defence" in delivering/monitoring customer outcomes and inadequacies in methodology, capability and resourcing of each.

Past performance on TCF suggests it is on these sorts of issues that the success or failure of firms' implementation of the consumer duty will turn. The FCA rules and guidance leave firms plenty of scope to innovate and evolve their approaches over time, but that process needs to start now. Firms need to reflect on how we got here but then get back to the future with the consumer duty. Recycling past TCF work is unlikely to deliver the outcomes consumers and regulators expect and, this time round, the consumer duty has real teeth.

As stated at paragraph 4.9 in the FCA's final guidance on the consumer duty (FG22/5):

"Firms should embed a focus of acting to deliver good outcomes in each of their business functions and put customer interests at the heart of their business model and culture. This ranges from high-level strategic planning to individual customer interactions, as well as product and service development, sales and servicing, distribution, support, and risk and control functions".

FCA consumer duty: back to the future? | Practical Law