In Hulley Enterprises Limited (Cyprus) v The Russian Federation (PCA Case No AA 226), Yukos Universal Limited (Isle of Man) v The Russian Federation (PCA Case No AA 227) and Veteran Petroleum Limited (Cyprus) v The Russian Federation (PCA Case No AA 228), an international investment treaty tribunal awarded the former majority shareholders in Yukos over US$50 billion in damages, the largest arbitral award in history. The claims were brought by the majority shareholders against the Russian Federation under the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT).