In order to prove unlawful vote dilution, in violation of section 2, a plaintiff must meet the following test. First, the plaintiff must demonstrate the three Gingles factors of geographic compactness, political cohesiveness, and racial bloc voting. If one or more of the Gingles factors is not shown, then the defendant prevails. If all three factors are proven, then the court must review all relevant evidence under the totality of the circumstances. The defendant may present evidence of the lack of racial bias in the community, proportionate representation, past and present electoral success, as well as proof of the other factors which are indicative of the existence or non-existence of vote dilution. The plaintiff may respond in kind. Without treating any single factor as dispositive, the reviewing court will finally determine through a searching inquiry whether the members of the minority group are denied equal political opportunity with respect to their race *1142 or color. If they are, then a claim under section 2 has been established.
Voting Precinct: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Earl Jennings: | 108 | 138 | 126 | 225 | 185 | 122 | 25 | 37 |
Mary Johnson [white]: | 35 | 94 | 110 | 181 | 169 | 118 | 26 | 35 |
Absentees | Total | ||||||
Earl Jennings: | 61 | 1027 | |||||
Mary Johnson [white]: | 69 | 837 |
Voting Precinct: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Earl Jennings: | 106 | 134 | 93 | 159 | 145 | 115 | 30 | 49 |
Newton Walden [white]: | 32 | 84 | 140 | 227 | 152 | 63 | 15 | 22 |
Absentees | Total | ||||||
Earl Jennings: | 52 | 883 | |||||
Newton Walden [white]: | 59 | 794 |
Voting Precinct: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Earl Jennings: | 110 | 137 | 103 | 212 | 126 | 145 | 13 | 49 |
Willis Brown [white]: | 11 | 81 | 130 | 137 | 128 | 89 | 12 | 13 |
Jerry Proctor [white]: | 30 | 48 | 77 | 118 | 42 | 42 | 15 | 18 |
Rocky Shiver [white]: | 46 | 56 | 67 | 132 | 104 | 69 | 47 | 21 |
Absentees | Total | ||||||
Earl Jennings: | 68 | 963 | |||||
Willis Brown [white]: | 47 | 648 | |||||
Jerry Proctor [white]: | 31 | 421 | |||||
Rocky Shiver [white]: | 47 | 589 |
Voting Precinct: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Earl Jennings: | 134 | 170 | 150 | 282 | 186 | 173 | 52 | 55 |
Willis Brown [white]: | 52 | 139 | 189 | 275 | 211 | 166 | 41 | 32 |
Absentees | Total | ||||||
Earl Jennings: | 114 | 1316 | |||||
Willis Brown [white]: | 123 | 1228 |
Voting Precinct: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Earl Jennings: | 51 | 146 | 99 | 186 | 185 | 170 | 16 | 44 |
Willis Brown [white]: | 23 | 78 | 111 | 229 | 140 | 137 | 21 | 21 |
Stafford Dawson [black]: | 112 | 65 | 73 | 163 | 89 | 51 | 22 | 10 |
Helen Hall [black]: | 26 | 40 | 28 | 72 | 24 | 22 | 11 | 16 |
Absentees | Total | ||||||
Earl Jennings: | 96 | 993 | |||||
Willis Brown [white]: | 80 | 840 | |||||
Stafford Dawson [black]: | 38 | 623 | |||||
Helen Hall [black]: | 29 | 268 |
Voting Precinct: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Earl Jennings: | 138 | 197 | 183 | 287 | 215 | 182 | 37 | 55 |
Willis Brown [white]: | 51 | 111 | 137 | 314 | 189 | 163 | 25 | 31 |
Absentees | Total | ||||||
Earl Jennings: | 183 | 1477 | |||||
Willis Brown [white]: | 109 | 1130 |
[i]n the 1990 election, Mr. Jennings received 75.52 percent of the votes cast in district 1 in the first primary, and 76.81 percent of the votes cast in district 1 in the general election.... In the 1992 election, Mr. Jennings received 55.84 percent of the votes cast in district 1 in the first primary (a figure less conclusive of black support), and 72.04 percent of the votes cast in district 1 in the second primary.... In the 1996 election, black support in the first primary was apparently divided between the three black candidates (Mr. Jennings received 24.06 percent of the vote in residential district 1, compared to 52.83 percent for Stafford Stanley Dawson and 12.26 percent for Helen Hall), but was squarely behind Mr. Jennings in the second primary when he garnered 73.02 percent of the votes cast in district 1.
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