**707*93 John Reinstein, Cambridge, for defendant.
John C. Doherty, Asst. Dist. Atty., for the Commonwealth.
Before *92 TAURO, C.J., and REARDON, QUIRICO, HENNESSEY and WILKINS, JJ.
Opinion
WILKINS, Justice.
The defendant was charged with a violation of G.L. c. 56, s 41, which makes a crime of the writing, printing, posting or distribution of anonymous circulars and posters which are designed to aid or to defeat any candidate for nomination or election to any public office or any question submitted to the voters.1
The defendant wrote a four page tabloid circular under the name ‘Saugus News Enquirer,’ devoted to commentary generally critical of incumbent selectmen of Saugus who were candidates for ree lection. The defendant arranged for the printing and distribution without charge of the circular two days before the election. The *94 defendant's name and address did not appear on the circular, nor did the name of any other person or organization responsible for the publication. Rather, it stated that the ‘Saugus News Enquirer is owned by the Association of Concerned Taxpayers, Box 54, Saugus, Mass.’ There was no such organization or any Box 54 in Saugus in the name of such an association.
Prior to trial in the Superior Court, the defendant moved to dismiss the complaint on the ground that s 41 violated art. 16 of the Declaration of Rights of the Constitution of the Commonwealth and the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. The motion was denied. The case was tried on a statement of agreed facts before a judge without a jury. The defendant was found guilty and sentenced to three months in the house of correction. He argues here his exception to the denial of his motion to dismiss the complaint.
The defendant argues that s 41 violates the First Amendment rights of nonvoters.2 Assuming that s 41 applies to nonvoters, as literally it appears to do, a nonvoter who wishes to write, print, post or distribute a publication of the class described in s 41 must obtain some voter who will be ‘responsible therefor,’ and whose name and residence must appear on the publication. There is no requirement that the nonvoter's name appear on the publication with that of the voter. Thus any purpose of s 41 to disclose the source of all campaign related literature is not achieved. In fact, the statute as applied to a nonvoter seems to encourage, or at least permit, a misrepresentation of the true source of the publication. More importantly, however, for First *95 Amendment purposes, s 41 imposes an unconstitutional prior restraint on a nonvoter's exercise of First Amendment rights by requiring him to obtain the assent of a voter before publishing election literature.3 Thus, even if the State properly **708 could compel disclosure of the source of all such literature, s 41 restricts free expression by nonvoters. In this respect s 41 is unconstitutionally overbroad.
The defendant is entitled to argue the unconstitutional overbreadth of s 41 as applied to nonvoters, even if he is a registered voter and even if his particular conduct in misrepresenting the source of his publication could be proscribed without violating any First Amendment rights. See Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601, 611—615, 93 S.Ct. 2908, 37 L.Ed.2d 830 (1973); Plummer v. Columbus, 414 U.S. 2, 94 S.Ct. 17, 38 L.Ed.2d 3 (1973). The Supreme Court ‘has altered its traditional rules of standing to permit—in the First Amendment area—‘attacks on overly broad statutes with no requirement that the person making the attack demonstrate that his own conduct could not be regulated by a statute drawn with the requisite narrow specificity.’ . . . Litigants, therefore, are permitted to challenge a statute not because their own rights of free expression are violated, but because of a judicial prediction or assumption that the statute's very existence may cause others not before the court to refrain from constitutionally protected speech or expression.' Broadrick v. Oklahoma, supra, 413 U.S. at 612, 93 S.Ct. at 2916.
Although from what we have said it is apparent that the defendant's exception to the denial of his motion to dismiss the complaint must be sustained, we believe it appropriate to indicate that there are significant First Amendment problems with any statute which requires the author of a publication to reveal his identity.
In Talley v. California, 362 U.S. 60, 80 S.Ct. 536, 4 L.Ed.2d 559 (1960), the Supreme Court struck down an ordinance prohibiting the distribution of any handbill not containing the name and address of the person who printed, wrote, compiled or manufactured it and the person who caused it to be distributed. The court said that ‘(t)here can be no doubt that such an identification requirement would tend to restrict freedom to distribute information and thereby freedom of expression.’ Id. at 64, 80 S.Ct. at 538. The court noted the historical importance and constructive effect of certain anonymous writings and concluded that the government did not have the right to compel disclosure in the circumstances before it. ‘(I)dentification and fear of reprisal might deter perfectly peaceful discussions of public matters of importance.’ Id. at 65, 80 S.Ct. at 539.
It seems clear that any public interest in revealing the source of a communication so that the recipient may assess its content in light of that source does not furnish a constitutionally sufficient justification for a prohibition of all anonymous campaign literature.
In the Talley case, the Supreme Court left open the question whether a State constitutionally might require disclosure of the source of any printed material which was offensive, advocated unlawful conduct or was fraudulent or libellous. The statute before us deals with disclosure in connection with electioneering. It is not limited, however, to written material critical of a candidate or the sponsors of a question to be voted on. It applies to all election related writings, including those which are wholly laudatory, and thus it clearly violates the teaching of the Talley case.
General Laws c. 56, s 41, as most recently amended by St.1950, c. 88, reads as follows: ‘No candidate for nomination or election to public office or any other person shall write, print, post or distribute, or cause to be written, printed, posted or distributed, a circular or poster designed to aid or defeat any candidate for nomination or election to any public office, or designed to aid or defeat any question submitted to the voters, unless there appears upon such circular or poster in a conspicuous place either the names of the chairman and secretary, or of two officers, of the political or other organization issuing the same, or of some voter who is respousible therefor, with his name and residence, and the street and number thereof, if any.
‘Violation of this section shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than six months.’
Although the statement of agreed facts does not state whether the defendant was a registered voter, it makes no difference because of the view we take of s 41.
The defendant relies on art. 16 of the Declaration of Rights in his argument, but advances no separate contentions under the State Constitution.
To construe s 41 to permit a nonvoter to satisfy the obligations of this criminal statute by disclosing his own name and residence would be plainly inconsistent with the language of s 41.
Prior to the Talley decision, several State courts upheld disclosure statutes somewhat similar to s 41. In State v. Freeman, 143 Kan. 315, 319—320, 55 P.2d 362 (1936), a more narrowly drawn statute, requiring disclosure on any circular or poster criticizing a candidate's personal character or political action, was upheld under the liberty of the press provision of the State Constitution (and under the First Amendment of the United States Constitution because the prosecutions were not based on an act of Congress). A similar conclusion was reached under the State Constitution in Commonwealth v. Evans, 156 Pa.Super. 321, 326—327, 40 A.2d 137 (1944). See also Commonwealth v. Acquaviva, 14 D. & C.2d 285 (1958), affd. 187 Pa.Super. 550, 145 A.2d 407 (1958). In the Evans case, the court held that the defendant lacked standing to argue that the statute unconstitutionally discriminated by requiring a nonvoter to obtain the sponsorship of a voter (156 Pa.Super. 327—328, 40 A.2d 137). These opinions relied heavily on the undesirability of anonymous writings, a constitutional view substantially rejected in the Talley case. A challenge under the Ohio Constitution to a statute somewhat narrower in scope than s 41 was rejected in State v. Babst, 104 Ohio St. 167, 135 N.E. 525 (1922).