PLANNED PARENTHOOD ASSOCIATION OF CINCINNATI, INC., Appellee and Cross–Appellant,
v.
PROJECT JERICHO; Antczak et al., Appellants and Cross–Appellees.
Nos. 89–579, 89–592.
Submitted Feb. 14, 1990.Decided June 20, 1990.
**159 Syllabus by the Court
*57 1. The First Amendment guarantees the right to communicate views and to express dissension. Demonstrators may speak, march, picket, leaflet, carry signs or otherwise act to inform or persuade others of their beliefs. These rights, however, do not include the right to imperil public safety or to harass others in exercise of their rights.
2. The First Amendment does not preclude reasonable restrictions relating to time, place and manner of expression so long as they (1) are content-neutral, (2) are tailored to serve a significant government interest, and (3) leave alternative channels of communication open.
3. Persons acting in concert or participation with a party against whom an injunction has been issued must have actual notice of the injunction in order to be bound by it.
4. A defendant class action may be certified pursuant to Civ.R. 23. Application of the rule to defendant class actions requires considerations different from those applicable to plaintiff class actions, but a trial court, before certifying a defendant class action, must make the same affirmative findings required under Civ.R. 23 for plaintiff class actions.
**160 Appellee and cross-appellant, Planned Parenthood Association of Cincinnati, Inc., operates the Margaret Sanger Clinic, which provides counseling and medical services, including abortions, to women.
Clinics which offer abortion services in Cincinnati have been picketed since 1974. The Margaret Sanger Clinic temporarily moved to 3332 Vine Street in January 1986, because its facilities had been destroyed by a firebomb. Although individual responsibility was never established, a pipe bomb was found in the temporary Vine Street clinic in February 1987.
As a result of picketing at the clinic, appellee filed a verified complaint for a temporary restraining order, preliminary injunction and permanent injunction against Project Jericho, Right to Life of Greater Cincinnati, Inc., Americans Against Abortion, James Condit, Jr., Jonathan Brockhoeft, Tracy Antczak, Ray Loebker, John Doe and other unnamed persons and organizations. The complaint alleged that defendants collectively *58 or individually disrupted the operation of the clinic, harassed and intimidated staff and patients, blocked access to the building and created traffic problems. The court issued a temporary restraining order against Jonathan Brockhoeft on March 31, 1986.
On April 4, 1986, after five days of proceedings, the court issued a preliminary injunction against Condit, Brockhoeft, Antczak and Loebker and dissolved the temporary restraining order against Brockhoeft. The injunction prohibited the named defendants from shouting or chanting so loud as to be heard inside the clinic and from blocking the sidewalk. Defendants were ordered to secure their picket signs so that normal winds would not blow them into the street.
As to the remaining defendants, the court ruled that Project Jericho was only a name or slogan. The court found that Americans Against Abortion was a Texas organization that was not participating in picketing at the clinic. The court found that Right to Life of Greater Cincinnati had encouraged picketing and had disseminated information about where picketing was occurring but that it did not control or actually participate in the activities enumerated in the complaint. Therefore, the court did not enter a preliminary injunction against any of these.
On April 3, 1986 (while the motion for preliminary injunction was pending), appellee filed a motion to certify a defendant class action and, by an amended complaint, requested that the class be enjoined from interfering with the operation of the clinic, harassing patients and staff and blocking access to the clinic. Tenants in the apartment building next to the clinic later moved to intervene as plaintiffs. Intervenors alleged that picketers threatened people entering and leaving the vicinity; “blocked access on the sidewalk” in front of the apartment building and clinic; that picketers' signs obstructed a view of the street, causing traffic hazards; and that picketers screamed so loud that they could be heard in the intervenors' apartments, thus invading their privacy and disrupting their lives. Intervenors sought certification of the action as a defendant class action and an injunction preventing defendants and those acting in concert with them from creating a nuisance.
The court conducted a six-day, evidentiary hearing on the pending motions. The court found that the evidence established numerous violations of the April 4 injunction. The court also found that when tenants from the apartment building complained to picketers about the noise, the picketers increased their shouting; that the shouting had a menacing character which instilled fear in others; and that “[t]he effect of the unrestrained picketing is not the peaceful presentation of a political or religious opinion, but the attempt to disrupt a medical operation by force or fear.” Indeed, some picketers apparently participated in burning the injunction. The court concluded that the picketers' conduct constituted a nuisance which the April 4 injunction had not abated. The court granted the motion to modify the April 4 injunction and conditionally certified a class action.
**161 After the court issued the modified injunction, various defendants were charged with contempt. The court conducted additional evidentiary hearings. Contempt citations were issued. Of those found guilty, eighteen appealed to the Court of Appeals for Hamilton County.
The court of appeals affirmed the findings of contempt resulting from *59 violation of the injunction. The court reversed the conditional certification of a defendant class. Seventeen defendants filed a notice of appeal to this court1 and appellee filed a cross-appeal.
The cause is before us pursuant to the allowance of both motions to certify the record.
Peter J. Kadzik, Elaine Metlin, Frances A. Scibelli, Brown, Cummins & Brown Co., L.P.A., and Amy G. Applegate, urging reinstatement of the trial court's certification of a class for amicus curiae, Planned Parenthood Affiliates of Ohio, Inc.
Opinion
HERBERT R. BROWN, Justice.
We must determine whether the trial court abused its discretion by finding appellants in contempt for violating the injunction under either Civ.R. 65(D) or Civ.R. 23. We hold that the trial court properly exercised the discretion it had pursuant to both Civ.R. 65(D) and Civ.R. 23.
The injunction before us prohibits screaming, chanting, speaking or singing in a manner intended to reach or *60 which had the effect of reaching patients inside the clinic at 3332 Vine Street; screaming at **162 patients entering or leaving the clinic; blocking the driveway, entrances or exits from the clinic or the public walkway in front of it; and mass picketing. The court limited the numbers of picketers to one stationary picket on the Louis Street sidewalk; one stationary picket on the Shields Street sidewalk and three moving pickets at designated locations. Limits were not placed on the numbers of pickets on the west side of Vine Street.
Finally, the injunction provides alternative channels of communication. Appellants are free to pass out literature, picket within reasonable limits and to express opinions. In order to express one's opinion, it is not necessary to block access to facilities or disrupt the operations of a medical clinic.
Accordingly, we find that the injunction issued by the trial court does not violate the First Amendment.
We must also determine whether the injunction meets the requirements for injunctions set forth in Civ.R. 65(D). Civ.R. 65(D) states:
“Every order granting an injunction and every restraining order shall set forth the reasons for its issuance; shall be specific in terms; shall describe in reasonable detail, and not by reference to the complaint or other document, the act or acts sought to be restrained; and is binding upon the parties to the action, their officers, agents, servants, employees, attorneys and those persons in active concert or participation with them who receive actual notice of the order whether by personal service or otherwise.”
A
Form and Scope of Injunction
In its order, the court stated that it was issuing the injunction because the conduct of picketers in the vicinity of the clinic and apartment building constituted a nuisance. The court was specific in its terms, and described in reasonable detail the acts to be restrained. (See Part I above.)
Appellants claim the injunction is too broad because it “is against all persons picketing.” (Emphasis sic.)
Condit, Loebker, Brockhoeft and Antczak were named as defendants in the original and amended complaints. Whether or not the defendant class certification was proper (which issue will be discussed separately), **163 those four defendants are “named parties to the action” for purposes of Civ.R. 65(D). As such, they are bound by the decree.
Whether the remaining thirteen appellants are also bound depends upon whether they are “persons in active concert or participation with [the parties to the action].”
Appellants claim that they acted independently and therefore are not bound by the court's order. The facts belie the claim. The trial court found that all appellants received actual notice of the injunction and that each intentionally violated it. Appellants collectively acted to achieve a common goal: to stop patients from receiving treatment at the clinic and to prevent the clinic from providing medical services. The evidence supports a finding that appellants' acts were part of a continuing course of concerted activity.
The class action is an invention of equity, designed to facilitate adjudication of disputes involving common issues between **164 multiple parties in a single action.2 The common-law rule governing such actions was codified in Federal Equity Rule 38 and eventually recodified in current Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.3
Most class suits are brought by a class of plaintiffs. Defendant class suits are less familiar. However, they have a long history in English common law and have been available in the United States since the 1800s.4Civ.R. 23 (along with its federal counterpart)5 clearly contemplates defendant class actions. It reads in part:
“(A) Prerequisites to a class action. One or more members of a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of all only if (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable, (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class, (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class, and (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.
“(B) Class actions maintainable. An action may be maintained as a class action if the prerequisites of subdivision (A) are satisfied, and in addition:
“(1) the prosecution of separate actions by or against individual members of the class would create a risk of * * *.” (Emphasis added.)
Both defendant and plaintiff class actions can promote judicial economy and prevent unfairness and needless expense to parties.
The advantages of a unitary adjudication of common issues outweigh the difficulties inherent in determining whether a defendant class meets the requirements of the rule. A class suit may be especially useful in a case where putative class members refuse to identify themselves or deliberately act to avoid being controlled in law. A defendant class action can also ensure uniform conduct by a plaintiff toward all defendants.
*63Rule 23, however, was written primarily with plaintiff classes in mind. The rule does not set forth specific procedures to be used in bringing defendant class suits. Thus, application of the rule to defendant class actions is awkward and requires considerations different from those applicable to plaintiff class actions.6
Under subdivision (A) of Rule 23, the court must find two implicit and four explicit prerequisites: (1) that a class exists; (2) that the class representatives are members of the class; (3) that joinder is impractical because of numerosity of class members; (4) that there is commonality of issues; (5) that claims or defenses of representatives are typical of claims or defenses of members of the class and (6) adequacy of representation. The court must also find that the case fits within one of the categories in subdivision (B).
**165 C
Prerequisites of a Class Action
In certifying the class herein, the trial court defined the class as: “[p]ersons picketing between the South curb of Louis Ave and the North curb of Shields Avenue and on both sides of Vine Street from Louis Ave to Shields Ave who have been personally served with this order as well as their officers, agents, servants, employees, attorneys and those persons in active concert or participation with them who receive personal service of the order.”
“Persons picketing” included “ * * * persons present in the area referred to in this order who are carrying protest and informational signs, passing out literature, speaking publicly, or otherwise engaged in activity intended to inform, influence and persuade the public about matters of public interest, including abortion.”
The class description raises two concerns. The first concern is that persons could become class members after the date of certification if such persons picketed in the pertinent geographical zone.
Civ.R. 23 does not require a class certification to identify the specific individuals who are members so long as the certification provides a means to identify such persons. 7A Wright & Miller, supra, at 115, 118, Section 1760; see, also, Warner, supra, at 96, 521 N.E.2d at 1096. The fact that members may be added or dropped during the course of the action is not controlling. The test is whether the means is specified at the time of certification to determine whether a particular individual is a member of the class.
Here, the means to identify the class was specified at the time of certification. Members were “[p]ersons picketing between the South curb of Louis Ave and the North curb of Shields Avenue and on both sides of Vine Street from Louis Ave to Shields Ave * * *.”
The second concern stems from the trial court's requirement that personal service of the class order be made upon a picketer before such person could be found to be a member of *64 the class. The court apparently was attempting to ensure that picketers knew what actions were prohibited by the injunction before they became subject to the court's contempt powers. But by making notice a condition of membership, the court blurred the distinction between class membership and notice of the injunction for contempt purposes.
Greater clarity would have been achieved if the court had described the class and then, elsewhere in the order, stated that class members who received personal service of the order could be held in contempt for violating it. This observation, however, is made with the benefit of hindsight. We find no prejudice to these appellants arising from the definition of class membership.
The requirement that the class representatives be members of the class is also met. The record indicates that the class representatives (Condit, Brockhoeft, Loebker and Antczak) each picketed the clinic.
The third requirement is that the class be so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable. “Impracticable” does not mean “impossible.” Gentry v. C & D Oil Co. (W.D.Ark.1984), 102 F.R.D. 490, 493; Federal Class Actions, supra, at 203. In the instant case, persons were picketing in sufficient numbers to support a finding that joinder of all defendants was impracticable.
The next consideration is whether the action raises questions of law or fact common to the class. Total commonality of issues is not needed. Commonality is satisfied when there is a “ ‘common nucleus of operative facts.’ ” Marks, supra, 31 Ohio St.3d at 202, 31 OBR at 400, 509 N.E.2d at 1253. Here, the issues generate from a common nucleus, to wit, the competing interests of those who wish to operate and patronize a medical clinic versus the interests of those who wish to stamp out that operation. Significant common issues arise with respect to freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, preservation of the peace and the breadth of the court's injunctive power. There is a common nucleus of operative fact and this requirement is satisfied.
**166 The defenses or claims of the class representatives must be typical of the defenses or claims of the class members. They need not be identical. Federal Class Actions, at 204; 7A Wright & Miller, supra, Section 1764; see, also, Twyman v. Rockville Hous. Auth. (D.C.Md.1983), 99 F.R.D. 314, 321. This prerequisite has generated criticism. Professor Miller fails to see “ * * * any independent purpose served by the provision.” Federal Class Actions, supra, at 204. He states that if the other requirements of subdivision (A) are met, typicality also will be met. Id. Also, courts are authorized by Civ.R. 23(C)(4) to permit class treatment for only some of the issues or divide the original class into subclasses. 7A Wright & Miller, supra, at 228, 262, Section 1764.
In the proceedings below, the representative parties attacked the constitutionality of the injunction, contending that the injunction would impermissibly deny rights of free speech. The same assertions would be made by putative class members. Since there is “no express conflict between the representatives and the class,” Warner, supra, 36 Ohio St.3d at 98, 521 N.E.2d at 1097, we deem this requirement satisfied.
This determination is important because members of a defendant class will be bound by the judgment. Hansberry v. Lee (1940), 311 U.S. 32, 41–43, 61 S.Ct. 115, 117–19, 85 L.Ed.22. Of course, absent class members are not precluded from raising individual defenses. For example, in the case before us, absent class defendants may assert that they are not class members; that the representatives failed to adequately protect their interests; that they received no notice of the injunction or that they did not violate it. They could not, however, attack the validity of the injunction once that issue has been litigated by class representatives. See 1 Newberg on Class Actions (2 Ed.1985), Sections 4.46, 4.48; Wolfson, Defendant Class Actions (1977), 38 Ohio St. L.J. 459, 477–478.
Adequacy of representation contains two parts: adequacy of the representatives and adequacy of counsel. Warner, supra, 36 Ohio St.3d at 98, 521 N.E.2d at 1097. Defendant class representatives usually will be deemed adequate when defenses are typical and it is apparent that common issues will be vigorously defended. 1 Newberg, supra, at 377, Section 4.46. The interests of the representatives cannot be antagonistic to those of the class. Warner, supra, at 98, 521 N.E.2d at 1097.
Here, the class representatives presented a thorough defense based on the grounds that the injunction was overbroad, vague and not binding upon defendants either as named parties or as persons acting independently. The record discloses that these defenses were typical of those of class members. Appellants suggest no defenses that could have been raised but were not. No showing has been made that the interests of the representatives are antagonistic to the interests of class members. Further, and as noted, an absent class member is not precluded from raising a unique defense in a later proceeding.
**167 The final prong to the adequacy of representation test is that counsel must be competent to handle the action. Both courts below found defendants' counsel to be adequate. No contrary allegations have been made. The competency of defense counsel has been established by the record, including the briefs and oral arguments presented.
Accordingly, we find that all prerequisites of a class action have been met.
D
Subdivision (B) Categories
Before certifying a class suit, a court must also find that the case fits *66 within one of the subdivision (B) categories.
When a class is certified under subdivision (B)(3), defendant class members may choose to opt out of the class.8 Thus, this category is not suited to defendant class actions.
Subdivision (B)(1)(b) is usually used in cases in which claims are made by numerous persons against funds insufficient to satisfy all claims. Warner, supra, at 95, 521 N.E.2d at 1095; also see examples of cases using the subdivision in Fed.R.Civ.P. 23 Advisory Committee Note to 1966 amendment. The instant case does not involve a limited fund.
Civ.R. 23(B)(2) applies to a case in which “ * * * the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the class, thereby making appropriate final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief with respect to the class as a whole * * *.” (Emphasis added.) The category is used when injunctive or declaratory relief is sought.
The language of (B)(2) makes it difficult to apply in the defendant class context, where a plaintiff seeks injunctive relief against the defendant class. A literal reading of the subdivision seems to demand that it be the defendant who seeks relief and that the plaintiff be “the party opposing the class.”
We need not resolve the conflict regarding interpretation of (B)(2), because we find that the defendant class action was properly certified under (B)(1)(a).
A class action may be certified under (B)(1)(a) when separate actions against individual class members would create a risk of “ * * * inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to individual members of the class which would establish incompatible standards of conduct for the party opposing the class * * *.” Examples of cases amenable to certification under this subdivision are those involving “ * * * the rights and duties of riparian owners, or of landowners' rights and duties respecting a claimed nuisance * * *.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 23 Advisory Committee Note to 1966 amendment. (Emphasis added.)
Here, appellee argues that separate actions against individual picketers could result in different verdicts concerning the same conduct. Different and incompatible standards of conduct for appellee and its staff would thus be established. Appellee would be placed in a situation where it might proceed against a certain individual's *67 conduct as violative of a court injunction, **168 but be unable to proceed against another individual engaging in the same conduct. One purpose of a class action is to avoid such situations.
We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in certifying the defendant class action because it meets the prerequisites of Civ.R. 23(A) and fits within subdivision (B)(1)(a).9
IV
Award of Attorney Fees
Our final task is to consider appellants' argument that the trial court erred by assessing them with attorney fees for the contempt proceedings. A trial court may, within its discretion, include attorney fees as part of the costs taxable to a defendant found guilty of civil contempt. State, ex rel. Fraternal Order of Police, v. Dayton (1977), 49 Ohio St.2d 219, 3 O.O.3d 360, 361 N.E.2d 428, syllabus. Appellants repeatedly violated the terms of the injunction, despite warnings and offers to explain the injunction by the trial judge. Some appellants apparently even participated in burning the injunction. There was no abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court, and we affirm the court of appeals on this point. We reinstate the judgment of the trial court.
Appellants herein are: Tracy Antczak, Raymond Loebker, Jonathan Brockhoeft, Dennis Cook, Rosemary Callahan, Kathy Dewey, Thomas Breadon, JoAnn Engle, Quentin Patch, Marc Scanlon, Sara Meyer, Stella Quallen, Timothy Quallen, Carl Tilford, Michael Meyer, John Parker and Michael O'Brien.
Civ.R. 23 adopted Federal Rule 23 as amended in 1966, with one exception, found in subdivision (F). 4 Anderson's Ohio Civil Practice (1989), Section 158.07, at 635. This subdivision is not relevant to the issues presented here.
Along with the other considerations evoked by the requirement, defendant class actions pose another concern. In the defendant class action, the plaintiff chooses the representative, who may be reluctant to accept the role. A reluctant representative may perform poorly. However, the rule requires an adequate representative, not a willing one. So long as the representative has a personal stake in the common issue to be decided, the representative will be likely to defend the interests of the class. Note, Defendant Class Actions (1978), 91 Harv.L.Rev. 630, 639–640. In the case before us, the representation was professional and more than adequate.
Civ.R. 23(C)(3); Newberg, supra, at Section 4.60. Cross-appellant gave the right to opt out as its reason for not asking that the class be certified under this subdivision.
We have addressed the knotty issues raised by the trial court's certification of a defendant class action. Those issues were raised by the trial court's order and the decision in the court of appeals reversing that order. However in this case, it is difficult to see, as a practical matter, how the decision to certify a defendant class added to the reach of the trial court's powers under Civ.R. 65(D).