There is, however, a narrow exception to the prohibition on third party standing, provided three criteria are satisfied. First, the plaintiff must have suffered an actual injury, although not necessarily one to its own legally protected interests.
See Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400, 411, 111 S.Ct. 1364, 1370–71, 113 L.Ed.2d 411 (1991). Second, the plaintiff must have a close enough relationship with the party whose rights he or she is asserting, “thus giving him or her a ‘sufficiently concrete interest’ in the outcome of the issue in dispute” and ensuring that the plaintiff will be an effective advocate.
Id. Third, “there must exist some hindrance to the third party's ability to protect his or her own interests.”
Id. Thus, a plaintiff who meets all these criteria, but who would otherwise lack
Article III standing to sue because his or her own legally protected rights were not injured, may assert the rights of a third party.
The impact felt by such a plaintiff, combined with the nexus between the plaintiff's injury and the rights of the third party, are sufficient to satisfy both
Article III's constitutional requirements and judicially-created prudential concerns.